Grammar notes 40

Most of this chapter covered things I already knew. There was hovewer one new thing.

ーておく which basically means "I left something for you" has another form, ーてある which means the same thing, but it de-emphatises the favour.

Grammar notes 39

Another chapter done.

上 at the end of a sentance can mean "in addition to". Hovewer it's use is almost exlusivly used for written language.

The suggestive form + と思う is another, less direct way of stating your intent, simular to つもり.

とのこと, or ということ(だ|です) for complete form (I love regular expressions.) is another way of expressing hearsay.

ーて行く and ーて来る are tricky. ていく　expresses the concept of doing something before leaving, or a concept that is going to proceed in the future. ーてくる　would signify doing something and then coming back.

Grammar notes 38

のに can be appended after a plain verb in the form AのにB, meaning somewhat despite A, B occured.

When も is following a verb in て form, the meaning would be "even though". AてもB, even though A is true, B is also true. The same thing can be created by the copula でも.

While these seem simular, the if element in ても is stronger, and のに cannot be used in future context.

Suggestive form + とする indicates an action that is about to be interrupted.
昼食しようとする電話かけられた <--- example

何度も and any other simular constructions the 何度も part would indicate many.

かける would be sumular to 始める, but gives the impression of less control over the action and that it may be interrupted.

Grammar notes 37

The causative form, causing someone to do something. It is formed by wovel shift to a and appending せる for yodan verbs, and dropping the final る and append させる on itidan verbs. All verbs become itidan verbs for further inflection. Usually the object being made to do something is marked by に.

Grammar notes 36

ーてしまう indicates the completion of an action or event, although it often carries a sense of regret or annoyance. I can also, but it is not common, indicate a great sense of accomplishment.

ーてしまう　is often abbreviated to ちゃう for てしまう and ちゃった for てしまった.


ものだ　or もんだ is yet another way to put emphasis on a sentance, sympathetic emphatis.

Grammar notes 35

The passive form, which I really can't explain nor need to, is formed by wovel shift to a and append れる.

Passives are only used when the agent is animate. When the subject is animate the agent is market by に. Hovewer when the subject is animate によって should be used.

Another annoying thing about japanese is how one little particle can drastically change a sentance. When the object marker を is used this significates displeasure with the event. Now who could have known?